Depression

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Depression can be a difficult thing to pin down. Some sadness or low mood may be part of the human condition, which is why it has been difficult to identify genes for depression. Some depressive tendencies may run in families, or it may be linked to early losses or difficult life experiences. Hormonal factors can also be at work – about ten to fifteen percent of new mothers may be affected by post-natal depression. Mood can even be affected by the weather, such as in Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), where lack of sunlight may disrupt serotonin levels.

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Types and Causes of Depression

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1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): This is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in most activities. It can be caused by genetic factors, significant life changes, trauma, or chronic stress.

2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Also known as dysthymia, this is a chronic form of depression with symptoms lasting for at least two years. It is often less severe than MDD but can still significantly impact daily life.

3. Bipolar Disorder: This involves episodes of depression alternating with periods of mania or hypomania. The depressive episodes can be severe and are often linked to genetic factors.

4. Post-Natal Depression: Affecting new mothers, this type of depression is influenced by hormonal changes, stress, and the demands of caring for a newborn.

5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): This type of depression occurs at certain times of the year, usually in the winter months when there is less sunlight. It is believed to be related to changes in serotonin and melatonin levels.

6. Psychotic Depression: This severe form of depression includes symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations or delusions. It often requires a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

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Life Issues That Can Cause Depression

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1. Loss of a Loved One: Grieving the death of a family member or friend can trigger depression. Psychotherapy can help by providing a space to process grief and develop coping strategies.

2. Relationship Problems: Issues such as divorce, infidelity, or ongoing conflict can lead to depression. Therapy can assist in improving communication skills and resolving conflicts.

3. Job Loss or Financial Stress: Losing a job or facing financial difficulties can cause significant stress and feelings of worthlessness. Psychotherapy can help by addressing these feelings and developing a plan to manage stress.

4. Chronic Illness: Living with a chronic illness like diabetes or heart disease can lead to depression. Therapy can provide support in managing the emotional impact of chronic illness.

5. Trauma: Experiencing trauma, such as physical or sexual assault, can result in depression. Psychotherapy can help by addressing the trauma and developing healthy coping mechanisms.

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How Different Psychotherapy Approaches Can Help

 

Fortunately, there are a number of contemporary psychological approaches for treating depression. These therapies often emphasize how thoughts, mood, and behaviours are interconnected. Here are some effective approaches:

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• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT helps identify and challenge negative thought patterns and behaviours. It focuses on developing more realistic and positive ways of thinking, which can break the cycle of depression.

• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): IPT focuses on improving relationships and communication skills, which can help reduce depressive symptoms. It addresses issues such as unresolved grief, role transitions, and interpersonal conflicts.

• Psychodynamic Therapy: This therapy explores how past experiences, particularly early relationships, influence current behaviour and emotions. It also aims to uncover patterns we’re not even consciously aware of that contribute to depression.

• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): MBCT combines cognitive therapy with mindfulness practices. It helps individuals become more aware of their thoughts and feelings and develop a non-judgmental attitude towards them.

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): ACT encourages individuals to accept their thoughts and feelings rather than fighting them. It focuses on committing to actions that align with personal values, which can improve mood and overall well-being.

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Therapy involves getting behind some of these maladaptive patterns and trying to understand our situation – and how we might move forward – in a more constructive way. It may involve identifying some negative automatic thinking or some hidden core beliefs about ourselves. The process is not always easy, but the gains can be transformative.

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Keywords:

 

Depression, major depressive disorder, MDD, persistent depressive disorder, PDD, bipolar disorder, post-natal depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder, SAD, psychotic depression, cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT, interpersonal therapy, IPT, psychodynamic therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, MBCT, acceptance and commitment therapy, ACT, genetic loading, hormonal factors, psychotherapy, mental health, negative thought patterns, emotional reasoning, rumination, maladaptive patterns, life issues, grief, relationship problems, job loss, financial stress, chronic illness, trauma.

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